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Geometric Gardening Traditions

The geometric garden at Ham House

By Anthony Lyman-Dixon

The ancient philosophers held that the figure 4 represented the Divine, and garden designers followed that theme. Was it for divine reasoning or pedestrian practicality? Anthony Lyman-Dixon took a long look at why we garden at right angles, among other geometric fables, in the spring 1995 issue of Herbs. Below are highlights from that article. 'I expect that you thought you had created rectangular and square herb beds in your garden not only because a regular shape uses fewer edging plants (like box, Buxus spp for instance) but because they also act as templates to facilitate the sowing in straight rows. Moreover, you were aware that rectangular beds are easier to raise above ground level than wiggly ones, and that they look tidier. But there may be more to your planning than meets the eye. Were you subconsciously influenced by a folk memory dating back to the dawn of civilisation? Many philosophers would say yes. Indeed by the time the medieval gardeners were creating the rectangular beds seen in so many illuminated manuscripts the idea was already thousands of years old.

Four Sectors - Divine Order

Pythagoras (c 530 BC) is said to have started it, but in fact even he was not the first, he merely elaborated on the theories of the Sumerian intellectuals who had divided their sky and the world below in to four sectors more or less equating to the points of a compass. Harmony was achieved by the "loving concord of opposites that binds together the universe" and this quadrilateral structure was subsequently accepted by the Chaldeans as the basis for the stability of their existence.

It therefore stood to reason that plants growing under such well-ordered conditions would be happy and flourishing. This indeed proved to be the case, so that when Pythagoras visited the Chaldeans, he was shown the famous Ziggurats, 90 metres (300 ft) high pyramids with seven elaborately planted steps on square bases with each of the four corners pointing towards its respective "Heaven". Each layer represented a different planet and was decorated in the presiding deities' colour -- the fourth was painted blue for Venus. The most famous of these planted pyramids provided Babylon with its hanging gardens.

Pythagoras
Pythagoras

Several books today list "Correspondences" tables linking plants to their colour, divinity, planet, and part of the body. These have a direct relevance to many so-called alternative therapies. Unfortunately when put to the test most of these turns out to be a load of old nonsense. For instance, blue is the colour of Venus. An aphrodisiac? Many people find blue is depressing and soporific. How many supposedly aphrodisiac herbs can you think of that have blue leaves or flowers? All the same, these ideas have a wide contemporary currency and although enthusiastically embraced by the gullible, do nothing to further the credibility of herbal medicine in scientific circles...

Divine Plants?

Early Monastic Garden

The Pythagoreans became so obsessed with the power of numbers that pure arithmetic became lost in the mumbo jumbo, nevertheless numbers wouldn't go away and the figure four evolved from representing divine order to the divine itself. It also came to represent the Earth in which plants grow and on which animals tread with four feet. The Christians recognised the universality of four in more than the ancient name of their God, and bound the Garden of Eden with four rivers.

Although Christian monks began to divide themselves off from the outside world by means of walls during the second century AD , they proved to be rotten at horticulture and had to purchase the herbs they needed from professional growers outside. Thus monastic walls did not become garden walls until much later. Instead the square enclosed by the walls represented divine order within, contrasted with the chaos without. As they became better at gardening, the square beds created by the monks came to stand for the cosmic influence over their plants.

Humours and the Zodiac

Another universal "truth" is the doctrine of the four humours [sometimes known as the cardinal humours], first suggested to the Western world by the Greek Hippocrates (460-379 BC). The 4 humours (the 4 fluids of the body -- yellow bile, blood, phlegm, black bile) are inextricably bound up with the four primary physical and mental qualities (choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholy) and the 4 elements which are a mixture of primary qualities (fire, air, water and earth).

All these have a Zodiacal correspondence, so that Cancer is feminine, nocturnal, phlegmatic, cold and moist whilst Leo is diurnal, hot, dry, bestial, choleric and barren. Try it on your friends and you will almost certainly find it doesn't hang together at all.

Humours and the Zodiac - Anatomical Man

NB: The idea of humours still extists, in a modified form, in Chinese herbal medicine.There are 5 elements rather than four. Fire, water, earth, wood and metal.

As the millennium draws near and when even the immutable eight planets, on which the whole philosophy of "4" is based, have multiplied, we have to ask if this is all a load of irrelevant superstition. It seems so, yet truths derived from it -- such as Galen's espousal of holistic medicine -- keep coming back to haunt us. Much of the philosophy involved was originally put forward by the best brains of the classical period and of the Renaissance. Much too has been independently conceived and exploited by ethnic healers and growers the world over completely unaware of one another's cultures.'

Anthony Lyman-Dixon is a member of The Herb Society and owner of Arne Herbs, Limeburn Nurseries, Chew Magna, Bristol BS40 8QW. He has studied the history and folklore of plants and has written articles and lectured about the myths and realities of them. His book, Your Herb Garden (SGC Books, 1997) has more anecdotal information and practical gardening advice.


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